TORAJA TRIBE

Society and Culture of Toraja Tribe  in South Sulawesi 

Tongkonan


Toraja Tribe History

Toraja tribe is a tribe that settled in the mountainous northern part of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its population is estimated about 1 million people, with 500,000 of whom still live in Tana Toraja, Toraja Regency North and Regency Mamasa. The majority of Toraja tribe embraced Christianity, while the majority embraced Islam and animism known as Aluk To Dolo. The Indonesian government has recognized this belief as part of Hindu Dharma.

The word comes from the Bugis Toraja, to riaja, which means "one who dwells in the land of". The Dutch colonial government named the Toraja tribe in 1909. Toraja tribe famous for funeral rituals, traditional house tongkonan and carving wood. Toraja funeral rituals are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasted for several days.

Before the 20th century, Toraja tribe lived in autonomous villages. They still adhered to animism and untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries arrived and spread Christianity. After more open to the outside world in the 1970s, Tana Toraja regency became a symbol of Indonesian tourism. Tana Toraja exploited by tourism developers and studied by anthropologists. Toraja society since the 1990's experienced a cultural transformation from an agrarian society and the traditional faiths, a predominantly Christian society and rely on the tourism sector continues to increase.

Ethnic identity


Toraja tribe clearly have little idea about themselves as an ethnic group before the 20th century. Prior to Dutch colonialism and the christianity, Toraja tribe, who live in the highlands, was identified based on their village, and not assume the same group. Although the rituals create a relationship between the villages, there are a lot of diversity in dialects, social hierarchy, and ritual practices in the highlands of Sulawesi. "Toraja" (from the coast to, which means people, and Riaja, plateau) was first used as a designation for the resident population of lowland plateau. As a result, at first "Toraja" more trade ties with outsiders, such as the Bugis and Makassar tribe, who inhabit most of the lowlands in the Sulawesi-than with fellow tribe in the highlands. Dutch missionary presence in the highlands of Toraja ethnic consciousness raises Sa'dan Toraja Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in Tana Toraja. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups-Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and sailors), Makassar tribe (merchants and sailors), the tribe Mandar (traders and fishermen), and the tribe Toraja (growers in the highlands).

History

Gulf of Tonkin, located between northern Vietnam and southern China, believed to be the place of origin Toraja tribe. There has been a long acculturation between the Malay race in Sulawesi with Chinese immigrants. Initially, immigrants are living in coastal areas of Sulawesi, but eventually moved to the highlands.

Since the 17th century, the Dutch began to trade and political power plugged in Sulawesi through Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC). For two centuries, they ignore the central highlands of Sulawesi (Toraja tribe place of residence) because it is difficult to achieve and has little productive land. At the end of the 19th century, the Dutch began to worry about the rapid spread of Islam in South Sulawesi, especially between Makassar and Bugis tribes. Dutch view that embraces animist Toraja tribe as a potential target for Christianized. In the 1920's, the mission of the spread of Christianity began to run with the help of the colonial government .Selain spread the religion, the Dutch also abolished slavery and local taxes apply. A line drawn around the region and called Tana Toraja Sa'dan. Tana Toraja was originally a subdivision of the kingdom which claims the territory Luwu In 1946, the Dutch gave regentschap status of Tana Toraja, Indonesia and acknowledge it as a district in 1957.

Dutch missionaries who had just come get strong opposition from the Toraja tribe because of the elimination of lucrative trade routes Toraja.Beberapa Toraja people have been moved to the lowlands by force by the Netherlands to be more easily regulated. Tax set at a high level, with the aim of undermining the wealth of the elite society. Nevertheless, these efforts do not undermine Dutch Toraja culture, and few people Toraja who was a Christian. In 1950, only 10% of the Toraja people who turn to Christianity.

Muslim population in the lowlands invade Toraja in the 1930s. As a result, many of the Toraja people who want an alliance with the Dutch move to Christianity to gain political protection, and in order to form a resistance movement against the Bugis and Makassar people who are Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 after the independence of Indonesia, South Sulawesi experienced the carnage of the Darul Islam rebellion launched, which aims to establish an Islamic state in Sulawesi. Guerrilla war that lasted for 15 years is contributing to more and more people move to Christianity Toraja.

In 1965, a presidential decree requires that the entire population of Indonesia to adopt one of the five recognized religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism and Buddhism. The original trust Toraja (Aluk) is not legally recognized, and the Toraja tribe is trying to oppose the decree. To make Aluk accordance with the law, he must be accepted as part of one of the official religion. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo legalized as part of Hindu Dharma.

Community
 

 1. Family
The family is the main political and social groups in the Toraja tribe. Each village is a large family. Each tongkonan have names that serve as the name of the village. Maintain the unity of the family joined the village. Marriage with a distant cousin (fourth cousins ​​and so on) is a common practice that strengthens the relationship .Suku Toraja prohibits marriage with a cousin near (up to third cousins) except for the nobility, to prevent the spread of wealth. Kinship takes place on a reciprocal basis, in the sense that large families help each other in agriculture, share in the ritual buffalo, and each paid the debt.

Each person becomes a member of the family of his mother and father. Children, therefore, inherited many things from her mother and father, including land and even the family debt. The child's name is given on the basis of kinship, and is usually chosen based on the name of relatives who have died. Name of aunts, uncles and cousins ​​who are usually called in the name of mother, father and siblings.

Prior to the administration by a government official Tana Toraja district, each village to his own government. In certain situations, when one family Toraja can not handle their own problems, some desabiasanya form a group; sometimes, miraculous village will be united against other villages The relationship between family expressed by blood, marriage, and shared ancestral home (tongkonan), practically characterized by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs in the ritual. The exchange is not only political and cultural relationships between families but also puts each person in the social hierarchy: who poured the wine, who wrapped the body and prepare offerings, where every person should or should not sit, what to use plates or avoided, and even pieces of meat that is allowed for each person.

2. Social Class

In Toraja society early, close family relationships related to social class. There are three levels of social classes: nobility, common people, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch Government). Passed down through the mother's social class. It is forbidden to marry a woman from a lower class but are allowed to marry women from the more high-class, aims to improve the status of the next descent. Condescension of Lords against the commoners still maintained until now due to family reasons dignity.

The nobility, which is believed to be descended from heaven, lived in tongkonan, while the common people lived in more modest houses (bamboo huts called banua). Slaves lived in small huts built near tongkonan property of their masters. Commoners may marry anyone but the nobility usually perform marriages in the family to maintain the purity of their status. Commoners and slaves forbidden to hold a celebration of death. Though based on kinship and descent status, there are also some social movement that can affect a person's status, such as marriage or the change in the amount of wealth. Wealth is calculated based on the number of buffalo owned.

Slaves in Toraja society is family-owned property. Sometimes people become slaves because of Toraja in debt and pay it in a way become a slave. Slaves could be taken during the war, and the slave trade was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves are not allowed to wear bronze or gold, eating from the same plate with their masters, or having sex with free women. The penalty for violation of the death penalty.

Religion

Traditional belief systems Toraja tribe is called animism Aluk polytheistic, or "road" (sometimes translated as "law"). In the mythical Toraja, the Toraja ancestors came from heaven by a ladder which is then used by the Toraja tribe as a way of relating to Puang Matua, the creator god. The universe, according to Aluk, divided into upper world (Heaven) the human world (earth), and the world bawah.Pada beginning, heaven and earth to get married and produce darkness, separation, and then came the light. Animals living in the underworld who is represented by a rectangular bounded by four pillars, the earth is a place for humanity, and heaven is located on top, covered with a roof berbetuk saddle. Toraja other gods is in Chain of Banggai Pong (the god of the earth), Indo 'Ongon-Ongon (goddess of earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), Indo' Belo tumbles (goddess of treatment), and others.

Power on earth that the words and actions must be held either in agriculture or in the life of the funeral ceremony, referred to minaa (a pastor Aluk). Aluk not just a belief system, but also a combination of law, religion, and habits. Aluk regulate social life, agricultural practices, and religious rituals. Aluk ordinances can vary from one village to another village. The common law rule that the rituals of death and life should be separated. Toraja tribe believes that the rituals of death will destroy the body if the implementation is combined with ritual ritual kehidupan.Kedua is equally important. When there is a missionary from the Netherlands, the Christian Toraja are not allowed to attend or perform rituals of life, but allowed to perform the ritual of death. As a result, death rituals are often performed to date, but the ritual has begun life rarely implemented.


Culture

Tongkonan are traditional Toraja house that stood on a pile of wood and decorated with carved red, black, and yellow. The word "tongkonan" is derived from the Toraja language tongkon ("sitting").

Tongkonan is the center of social life Toraja tribe. Rituals associated with tongkonan very important in the spiritual life of Toraja tribe therefore all family members are required to participate because Tongkonan melambangan their relationship with their fathers. According to folklore Toraja, tongkonan first constructed in heaven with four poles. When the ancestors of the Toraja tribe down to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.



Tongkonan development is a tiring job and is usually done with the help of a large family. There are three types of tongkonan. Tongkonan layuk is where the supreme power, which is used as the central "government". Tongkonan pekamberan belongs to a family member who has a certain authority in the local customs and traditions while family members used to live in tongkonan stone. Exclusiveness of the nobility of tongkonan decreases the number of ordinary people who seek gainful employment in other areas in Indonesia. Having earned enough money, ordinary people were able to build large tongkonan.

Woodcut



Toraja language is only spoken and not have a system tulisan.Untuk show kosep religious and social, ethnic Toraja wood carving and making calls Pa'ssura (or "posts"). Therefore, wood carving is a manifestation of Toraja culture.

Every carving has a special name. His motives are animals and plants usually symbolizing virtue, for example, water plants like water weeds and animals such as crabs and tadpoles which symbolizes fertility. Picture left shows an example of Toraja wood carving, consisting of 15 square panels. Under the middle panel represents the buffalo, or wealth, as the hope for a family get a lot of buffalo. Middle panels represent the vertices and boxes, an expectation that all descendants of the family will be happy and live in peace, as the goods are stored in a box. Box upper left and upper right symbolize aquatic animals, suggesting the need to move quickly and work hard, like an animal that moves on the water surface. It is also pointed out the need for specific expertise to produce good results.

Regularity and order is a common feature in Toraja wood carving (see table design below), in addition Toraja wood carving too abstract and geometric. Nature is often used as the basis of the ornament Toraja, because nature is full of abstraction and geometry are studied in ethnomatematika teratur.Ornamen Toraja with the aim of uncovering the structure of mathematics although Toraja tribe made this engraving based solely on their own estimates. Toraja tribes use bamboo to make oranamen geometric.

Funeral Ceremony







In Toraja society, funeral rituals are the most important and costly. The more wealthy and powerful person, the funeral expenses will be more expensive. In religion Aluk, only royal families are entitled to hold a big funeral party. Feast of the funeral of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands of people and lasted for several days. A place called rante funeral procession is usually prepared in a broad meadow, other than as a place of mourners in attendance, as well as a granary, and a variety of other funeral devices made by the family of the deceased. Flute music, singing, songs and poems, weeping and wailing is an expression of grief by the Toraja tribe but all it does not apply to funerals of children, the poor, and low class people.

This funeral was held just sometimes after weeks, months, even years since the death in question, with the goal of keeping the family left behind to collect enough money to cover funeral expenses. Toraja tribe believes that death is not something that comes with a sudden but a gradual process toward Puya (the spirit world, or the afterlife). In that waiting period, the corpse is wrapped with a few pieces of cloth and kept under tongkonan. Spirits of the dead believed to remain in the village until the funeral is completed, after which the soul will travel to Puya.





Another part of the cemetery is the buffalo slaughter. The more powerful person, the more buffalo are slaughtered. Slaughtering is done by using a machete. Buffalo carcass, including head, lined up on the field, waiting for its owner, who is in "sleep time". Toraja tribe believed that the spirits need a water buffalo to perform the journey and will be faster until at Puya if there is a lot of buffalo. Slaughter of tens of hundreds of buffalo and pigs is the culmination lacks the funeral music and dance that captured the youth spurting blood with a long bamboo. Some meat was given to the guests and noted that it would be considered a debt to the family of the deceased.

There are three ways a funeral: Coffins can be stored in the cave, or at the tomb of carved stone, or hung on the cliffs. Rich people are sometimes buried in a tomb carved stone. The tomb is usually expensive and time of manufacture about a few months.

In some areas, the rock caves used to save the body of the entire family. Wooden statue called tau tau is usually placed in the cave and facing outward.

The coffin infant or child with a rope hanging on the cliff side. Ropes are usually survive for a year before making his casket rot and fall.

Music and Dance
 



Toraja tribe perform a dance on several occasions, mostly in burial ceremonies. They dance to show his grief, and to honor the spirits of the deceased as well as encourage the spirits will lead the long journey to the afterlife. First of all, a group of men formed a circle and sang all night to honor the deceased (terseebut ritual called Ma'badong). Ritual is considered the most important component of the second day of the funeral ceremony pemakaman.Pada, warrior dance Ma'randing shown to commend the courage of the deceased during his lifetime. Some men perform a dance with a sword, prisai of buffalo leather, buffalo horn helmets, and various other ornaments. Ma'randing dance procession started when the corpse was taken from the granary to rante, where the funeral service. During the ceremony, the adult females do Ma'katia dance, singing and wearing a feathered costume dress. Ma'akatia dance aims to remind the audience on the generosity and loyalty of the deceased. After the slaughter of buffalo and pigs, a group of boys and girls perform a dance while clapping cheerfully called Ma'dondan.

As in other agrarian societies, Toraja tribe sang and danced during the harvest season. Ma'bugi dance performed to celebrate Thanksgiving Day and dances Ma'gandangi displayed when interest Toraja was pounding rice There are some dances of war, for example Manimbong dances performed by men and then followed by a dance Ma'dandan by women. Religion Aluk regulate when and how the Toraja tribe dance. A dance called Ma'bua 12 years can only be done once. Toraja ceremony Ma'bua is important when wearing religious head of buffalo and danced around the sacred tree.

Toraja traditional musical instrument is a bamboo flute called Pa'suling. Six hole flute is played at many dances, such as on the dance Ma'bondensan, when the instrument is played with a group of men who dance with no shirt and long finger nails. Toraja tribe also has other musical instruments, for example Pa'pelle made from palm leaves and played at harvest time and when the opening ceremony of the house.

Language


Toraja language is the dominant language in Tana Toraja, the Toraja Sa'dan as the main dialect. Indonesian as the national language is the official language and is used by the public, but the Toraja language was taught in all primary schools in Tana Toraja.

Variety of language in Toraja, among others Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae ', Talondo', Toala ', and Toraja-Sa'dan, and included in the Malayo-Polynesian language family of Austronesian languages. At first, the nature of Tana Toraja geographically isolated form the many dialects of the language's own Toraja. After a government official in Tana Toraja, Toraja several dialects became influenced by other languages ​​through the process of transmigration, which was introduced since the colonial period. It is the main cause of diversity in Toraja.

Diversity in Toraja

Denominasi ISO 639-3 POPULATION Dialect
Kalumpang kli 12,000 (1991) Karataun, Mablei, Mangki (E'da), Bone Hau (Ta'da).
Mamasa mqj 100,000 (1991) Mamasa Utara, Mamasa tengah, Pattae' (Mamasa Selatan, Patta' Binuang, Binuang, Tae', Binuang-Paki-Batetanga-Anteapi)
Ta'e rob 250,000 (1992) Rongkong, Luwu Timur Laut, Luwu Selatan, Bua.
Talondo' tln 500 (1986)
Toala' tlz 30,000 (1983) Toala', Palili'.
Torajan-Sa'dan sda 500,000 (1990) Makale (Tallulembangna), Rantepao (Kesu'), Toraja Barat (Toraja Barat, Mappa-Pana).


Prominent features in the Toraja language is the notion of mourning death. The importance of funeral ceremony in Toraja have made their language can express feelings of grief and mourning process in several levels of rumit.Bahasa Toraja has many terms to show sadness, longing, depression, and mental distress. It is a catharsis for the Toraja if it can clearly show the influence of events lost someone; it sometimes also aimed to reduce the suffering of grief itself.

 Economy
Before the New Order period, Toraja economy dependent on agriculture with the terracing on the slopes of the mountain and its supporting food is cassava and maize. Much time and effort spent Toraja tribe to breed buffaloes, pigs, and chickens are needed primarily for ritual sacrifice and as makanan.Kopi Toraja. The only industry is agriculture in the Toraja coffee factory of Japan,


With the start of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy began to grow and opening up to foreign investment. Many multinational oil and mining companies to open new businesses in Indonesia. Toraja society, especially the younger generation, many who move to work in foreign companies. They went to Borneo to the wood and oil, to Papua to mine, and to cities in Sulawesi and Java. This transfer occurred until 1985.


Toraja economy is gradually turning to tourism began in 1984. Between 1984 and 1997, Toraja people earn income by working in a hotel, a tour guide, or sell souvenirs. The emergence of political and economic instability Indonesia in the late 1990s (including a variety of religious conflict in Sulawesi) has caused tourism to decline drastically Toraja.

REOG PONOROGO



Reog is one of the cultural arts originating from East Java  and the northwestern part Ponorogo hometown Reog regarded as the truth. Ponorogo city gate was decorated by the figure Warok and gemblak, two figures who took part performed at the time of Reog demonstrated. Reog is one proof of local culture in Indonesia is still very strong with things mystical and powerful mysticism. 

History of Reog Ponorogo 

Basically there are five versions of the popular story that develops in the community about the origins and Warok Reog, but one of the most famous story is the story of the rebellion Ki Ageng Kutu, a royal servant in the Bra Kertabumi, the last king of Majapahit in power at century -15. Ki Ageng Kutu will anger the powerful influence of the Chinese party colleagues in the government of his king and the king of corrupt behavior, he also saw that the power of the Majapahit Kingdom will end.He then left the king and founded the college where he teaches young kids martial arts, science, self-immunity, and the science of perfection in the hope that these young children will be the seed of the resurrection of the Majapahit kingdom again later. Aware that his forces are too small to fight the royal troops the political message conveyed through Lice Ki Ageng Reog performing arts, which is a "satire" to the King and his kingdom Bra Kertabumi . Reog performances become ways Ki Ageng lice build resistance of local communities using Reog popularity.The mask is shown performing Reog lion-shaped head, known as "Singa Barong", king of the jungle, which became a symbol for Kertabumi, and above it is plugged in peacock feathers to resemble a giant fan that symbolize the strong influence of his Chinese colleagues on the set of all motion.

 
Jatilan, played by a group of dancers gemblak a piggyback ride became a symbol of the power of the kingdom of Majapahit troops which contrasts with the power warok comparison, a red clown mask behind which became the symbol for Ki Ageng Kutu, alone and carry the weight of the mask Singabarong that reach more of 50kg just by using his teeth.Ki Ageng Kutu  Reog popularity eventually led to Kertabumi take action and attack institution, rebellion by warok quickly overcome, and forbidden to continue teaching college will warok. But students still continue Ki Ageng ticks quietly. Even so, the arts Reognya still allowed to be staged since the show has become popular among the people, but the story has a new channel which added characters from folklore that is Kelono Sewondono Ponorogo, Goddess Songgolangit, and Sri Genthayu.The official version of the story line Reog Ponorogo now is the story of King Ponorogo who intend applying for Kediri daughter, Dewi Ragil Yellow, but the middle of the journey he was intercepted by King Singabarong of Kadiri. King Singabarong forces consist of peacocks and lions, while the King of the Kingdom of Ponorogo Bujanganom Kelono and his Deputy, escorted by warok (men dressed in black in the dance), and warok has a deadly black magic. The whole dance is a dance of war between the Kingdom and the Kingdom of Ponorogo Kadiri, and pitted black magic between them, the dancers in a state of 'trance' during the dance stage.Until now people Ponorogo just follow what their heritage as a very rich cultural inheritance. In the experience of art is copyright Reog human creations which formed a cult that is hereditary and awake. The ceremony also use terms that are not easy for lay people to fill in the absence of a clear lineage. they embrace Parental lineage and customary law is still valid.

 
Warok 


Warok until now still have a place as an elder in the community. Proximity to the spiritual world often make a warok asked for advice on the grip or the tranquility of a spiritual life. A warok supposedly have mastered what is called Reh Kamusankan True, true humanity road.Warok is a force that relies on the truth in the struggle between good and evil in the story reog art. Parent is an umbrella warok figures, while Warok warok Young is still in early stages of their studies. Until now, Warok perceived as a figure who cast must have certain supernatural powers. Even some bad stories about life warok. Warok is a figure with a stereotype: wearing shorts, dressed in black, his supernatural powers and elders gemblakan.Menurut warok, Kasni Gunopati or known Mbah Wo Cats, warok not a arrogant because of its strengths.Warok is a person who has a holy determination, ready to provide guidance and protection without any strings attached. "It comes from the word Warok wewarah. Warok is wong kang wewarah wealthy. That is, one becomes warok being able to give guidance or instruction to others about the good life '. "Iku Warok wong kang wus full saka sakabehing behavior, lan wus menep ing sense" (Warok is a person who is perfect in conduct of his life, and until on the inner deposition). 

Eligibility of Warok 

Warok must run behavior. "Condition, the body must be clean because it will be filled. Warok must be able to rein in its passions, hunger or thirst, nor come into contact with women. Other requirements, a candidate must provide a warok rooster, 2.5 meters cloth, mats, and salvation together. After that, candidates will warok kanuragan forged with a variety of science and mysticism. Having declared the master of science, he then confirmed as a true warok. He obtained a weapon called a testament shorts, long white cord similar, the warok weapon.Warok true at the present time only the legend remains. Some groups warok in certain areas there are those who hold fast to their culture and are still viewed as an elder and respected person, sometimes even government officials always ask for his blessing. 

Gemblakan 

In addition to all the requirements that must be endured by the warok, hereinafter referred to as Gemblakan. formerly warok appear to have known many gemblak, namely teenage boys aged 12-15 years handsome and well groomed are maintained as kelangenan, which sometimes is more cherished than his wife and children . Maintaining gemblak is a tradition that has been deeply rooted in the community of artists reog. For a warok it is normal and socially acceptable. It is said that fellow warok never collide gemblak supernatural powers to fight a craving and besides sometimes lending gemblak.Costs incurred for a gemblak warok not cheap. If gemblak warok who maintain the school should pay for school purposes in addition to feed and shelter. Whereas if gemblak not in school then every year to give it a sapi.Dalam warok tradition brought by Ki Ageng Suryongalam, magic can be obtained when a warok not willing to have sex with women. It was said to be a necessity stemming from the teacher's command to obtain supernatural powers.The obligation to maintain any warok gemblak believed to be able to maintain his power. In addition there is a strong belief among warok, intimate relationships with women even with his own wife, can fade the whole magic warok. Mutual love, cherish and try to please are the hallmark of a special relationship between gemblak and waroknya. Gemblakan practices among warok, identified as homosexual practice because warok indulgence should not lust for women.When it's already been a shift in conjunction with gemblakan. In the present gemblak difficult to find. Tradition maintains gemblak, now increasingly bleed. Gemblak the first regular role as a dancer jatilan (kuda lumping), its role is now replaced by young girls. Whereas once art is displayed without a single woman. 


Reog in the present 
Artists Reog Ponorogo graduate art schools also provide a touch on the development of dance reog ponorogo. Art school student introduced the art of the stage and aesthetic movements koreografis, then be reog ponorogo with festivals such as the current format. There is a story line, the sequence of whom appear first, namely Warok, then jatilan, Bujangganong, Klana Sewandana, then Barongan or sudden Peacock at the end. When one of these elements in action, other elements come to move or dance, though not prominent.Several years ago, the Foundation initiated the founding of Reog Ponorogo Reog Society archipelago, whose members consist of reog groups from various regions in Indonesia who had taken part in the National Reog Festival. Reog ponorogo be very open to enrichment and changes in range of motion.